INDEX

INDEX
•Introductory Note
•Preamble
•Chapter I: Purposes and Principles
•Chapter II: Membership
•Chapter III: Organs
•Chapter IV: The General Assembly
•Chapter V: The Security Council
•Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes
•Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace and Acts of Agression
•Chapter VIII: Regional Arrangements
•Chapter IX: International Economic and Social Co-operation
•Chapter X: The Economic and Social Council
•Chapter XI: Declaration regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories
•Chapter XII: International Trusteeship System
•Chapter XIII: The Trusteeship System
•Chapter XIV: The International Court of Justice
•Chapter XV: The Secretariat
•Chapter XVI: Miscellaneous Provisions
•Chapter XVII: Transitional Security Arrangements
•Chapter XVIII: Amendments
•Chapter XIX: Ratification and Signature

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945. The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter.

Amendments to Articles 23, 27 and 61 of the Charter were adopted by the General Assembly on 17 December 1963 and came into force on 31 August 1965. A further amendment to Article 61 was adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 1971, and came into force on 24 September 1973. An amendment to Article 109, adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 1965, came into force on 12 June 1968.

The amendment to Article 23 enlarges the membership of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen. The amended Article 27 provides that decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members (formerly seven) and on all other matters by an affirmative vote of nine members (formerly seven), including the concurring votes of the five permanent members of the Security Council.

The amendment to Article 61, which entered into force on 31 August 1965, enlarged the membership of the Economic and Social Council from eighteen to twenty-seven. The subsequent amendment to that Article, which entered into force on 24 September 1973, further increased the membership of the Council from twenty-seven to fifty-four.

The amendment to Article 109, which relates to the first paragraph of that Article, provides that a General Conference of Member States for the purpose of reviewing the Charter may be held at a date and place to be fixed by a two-thirds vote of the members of the General Assembly and by a vote of any nine members (formerly seven) of the Security Council. Paragraph 3 of Article 109, which deals with the consideration of a possible review conference during the tenth regular session of the General Assembly, has been retained in its original form in its reference to a "vote, of any seven members of the Security Council", the paragraph having been acted upon in 1955 by the General Assembly, at its tenth regular session, and by the Security Council.

PREAMBLE

PREAMBLE
WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED
•to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and
•to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and
•to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and
•to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
AND FOR THESE ENDS
•to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and
•to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and
•to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and
•to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,
HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS
Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.

CHAPTER I: PURPOSES AND PRINCIPLES

CHAPTER I: PURPOSES AND PRINCIPLES
Article 1
The Purposes of the United Nations are:
1.To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;
2.To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;
3.To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and
4.To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.
Article 2
The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles.

1.The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.
2.All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter.
3.All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.
4.All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.
5.All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.
6.The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.
7.Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter Vll.

CHAPTER II: MEMBERSHIP

CHAPTER II: MEMBERSHIP
Article 3
The original Members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.

Article 4
1.Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.
2.The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.
Article 5
A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council.

Article 6
A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

CHAPTER III: ORGANS

CHAPTER III: ORGANS
Article 7
1.There are established as principal organs of the United Nations: a General Assembly, a Security Council, an Economic and Social Council, a Trusteeship Council, an International Court of Justice and a Secretariat.
2.Such subsidiary organs as may be found necessary may be established in accordance with the present Charter.
Article 8
The United Nations shall place no restrictions on the eligibility of men and women to participate in any capacity and under conditions of equality in its principal and subsidiary organs.

CHAPTER IV: THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

CHAPTER IV: THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY


COMPOSITION
Article 9
1.The General Assembly shall consist of all the Members of the United Nations.
2.Each Member shall have not more than five representatives in the General Assembly.


FUNCTIONS and POWERS
Article 10
The General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters.

Article 11
1.The General Assembly may consider the general principles of co-operation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such principles to the Members or to the Security Council or to both.
2.The General Assembly may discuss any questions relating to the maintenance of international peace and security brought before it by any Member of the United Nations, or by the Security Council, or by a state which is not a Member of the United Nations in accordance with Article 35, paragraph 2, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations with regard to any such questions to the state or states concerned or to the Security Council or to both. Any such question on which action is necessary shall be referred to the Security Council by the General Assembly either before or after discussion.
3.The General Assembly may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security.
4.The powers of the General Assembly set forth in this Article shall not limit the general scope of Article 10.
Article 12
1.While the Security Council is exercising in respect of any dispute or situation the functions assigned to it in the present Charter, the General Assembly shall not make any recommendation with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security Council so requests.
2.The Secretary-General, with the consent of the Security Council, shall notify the General Assembly at each session of any matters relative to the maintenance of international peace and security which are being dealt with by the Security Council and shall similarly notify the General Assembly, or the Members of the United Nations if the General Assembly is not in session, immediately the Security Council ceases to deal with such matters.
Article 13
1.The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of: a. promoting international co-operation in the political field and encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification; b. promoting international co-operation in the economic, social, cultural, educational, and health fields, and assisting in the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.
2.The further responsibilities, functions and powers of the General Assembly with respect to matters mentioned in paragraph 1 (b) above are set forth in Chapters IX and X.
Article 14
Subject to the provisions of Article 12, the General Assembly may recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation, regardless of origin, which it deems likely to impair the general welfare or friendly relations among nations, including situations resulting from a violation of the provisions of the present Charter setting forth the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations.

Article 15
1.The General Assembly shall receive and consider annual and special reports from the Security Council; these reports shall include an account of the measures that the Security Council has decided upon or taken to maintain international peace and security.
2.The General Assembly shall receive and consider reports from the other organs of the United Nations.
Article 16
The General Assembly shall perform such functions with respect to the international trusteeship system as are assigned to it under Chapters XII and XIII, including the approval of the trusteeship agreements for areas not designated as strategic.

Article 17
1.The General Assembly shall consider and approve the budget of the Organization.
2.The expenses of the Organization shall be borne by the Members as apportioned by the General Assembly.
3.The General Assembly shall consider and approve any financial and budgetary arrangements with specialized agencies referred to in Article 57 and shall examine the administrative budgets of such specialized agencies with a view to making recommendations to the agencies concerned.


VOTING
Article 18
1.Each member of the General Assembly shall have one vote.
2.Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. These questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the election of the members of the Economic and Social Council, the election of members of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with paragraph 1 (c) of Article 86, the admission of new Members to the United Nations, the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of Members, questions relating to the operation of the trusteeship system, and budgetary questions.
3.Decisions on other questions, including the determination of additional categories of questions to be decided by a two-thirds majority, shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.
Article 19
A Member of the United Nations which is in arrears in the payment of its financial contributions to the Organization shall have no vote in the General Assembly if the amount of its arrears equals or exceeds the amount of the contributions due from it for the preceding two full years. The General Assembly may, nevertheless, permit such a Member to vote if it is satisfied that the failure to pay is due to conditions beyond the control of the Member.



PROCEDURE
Article 20
The General Assembly shall meet in regular annual sessions and in such special sessions as occasion may require. Special sessions shall be convoked by the Secretary-General at the request of the Security Council or of a majority of the Members of the United Nations.

Article 21
The General Assembly shall adopt its own rules of procedure. It shall elect its President for each session.

Article 22
The General Assembly may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions.

CHAPTER V: THE SECURITY COUNCIL

CHAPTER V: THE SECURITY COUNCIL


COMPOSITION
Article 23
1.The Security Council shall consist of fifteen Members of the United Nations. The Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America shall be permanent members of the Security Council. The General Assembly shall elect ten other Members of the United Nations to be non-permanent members of the Security Council, due regard being specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of Members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization, and also to equitable geographical distribution.
2.The non-permanent members of the Security Council shall be elected for a term of two years. In the first election of the non-permanent members after the increase of the membership of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen, two of the four additional members shall be chosen for a term of one year. A retiring member shall not be eligible for immediate re-election.
3.Each member of the Security Council shall have one representative.


FUNCTIONS and POWERS
Article 24
1.In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf.
2.In discharging these duties the Security Council shall act in accordance with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. The specific powers granted to the Security Council for the discharge of these duties are laid down in Chapters VI, VII, VIII, and XII.
3.The Security Council shall submit annual and, when necessary, special reports to the General Assembly for its consideration.
Article 25
The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter.

Article 26
In order to promote the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world's human and economic resources, the Security Council shall be responsible for formulating, with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee referred to in Article 47, plans to be submitted to the Members of the United Nations for the establishment of a system for the regulation of armaments.



VOTING
Article 27
1.Each member of the Security Council shall have one vote.
2.Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members.
3.Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members; provided that, in decisions under Chapter VI, and under paragraph 3 of Article 52, a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting.


PROCEDURE
Article 28
1.The Security Council shall be so organized as to be able to function continuously. Each member of the Security Council shall for this purpose be represented at all times at the seat of the Organization.
2.The Security Council shall hold periodic meetings at which each of its members may, if it so desires, be represented by a member of the government or by some other specially designated representative.
3.The Security Council may hold meetings at such places other than the seat of the Organization as in its judgment will best facilitate its work.
Article 29
The Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions.

Article 30
The Security Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, including the method of selecting its President.

Article 31
Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council may participate, without vote, in the discussion of any question brought before the Security Council whenever the latter considers that the interests of that Member are specially affected.

Article 32
Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council or any state which is not a Member of the United Nations, if it is a party to a dispute under consideration by the Security Council, shall be invited to participate, without vote, in the discussion relating to the dispute. The Security Council shall lay down such conditions as it deems just for the participation of a state which is not a Member of the United Nations.

CHAPTER VI: PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES

CHAPTER VI: PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
Article 33
1.The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice.
2.The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute by such means.
Article 34
The Security Council may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute, in order to determine whether the continuance of the dispute or situation is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security.

Article 35
1.Any Member of the United Nations may bring any dispute, or any situation of the nature referred to in Article 34, to the attention of the Security Council or of the General Assembly.
2.A state which is not a Member of the United Nations may bring to the attention of the Security Council or of the General Assembly any dispute to which it is a party if it accepts in advance, for the purposes of the dispute, the obligations of pacific settlement provided in the present Charter.
3.The proceedings of the General Assembly in respect of matters brought to its attention under this Article will be subject to the provisions of Articles 11 and 12.
Article 36
1.The Security Council may, at any stage of a dispute of the nature referred to in Article 33 or of a situation of like nature, recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment.
2.The Security Council should take into consideration any procedures for the settlement of the dispute which have already been adopted by the parties.
3.In making recommendations under this Article the Security Council should also take into consideration that legal disputes should as a general rule be referred by the parties to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the provisions of the Statute of the Court.
Article 37
1.Should the parties to a dispute of the nature referred to in Article 33 fail to settle it by the means indicated in that Article, they shall refer it to the Security Council.
2.If the Security Council deems that the continuance of the dispute is in fact likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, it shall decide whether to take action under Article 36 or to recommend such terms of settlement as it may consider appropriate.
Article 38
Without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 33 to 37, the Security Council may, if all the parties to any dispute so request, make recommendations to the parties with a view to a pacific settlement of the dispute.

CHAPTER VII: ACTION WITH RESPECT TO THREATS TO THE PEACE, BREACHES OF THE PEACE, AND ACTS OF AGGRESSION

CHAPTER VII: ACTION WITH RESPECT TO THREATS TO THE PEACE, BREACHES OF THE PEACE, AND ACTS OF AGGRESSION
Article 39
The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security.

Article 40
In order to prevent an aggravation of the situation, the Security Council may, before making the recommendations or deciding upon the measures provided for in Article 39, call upon the parties concerned to comply with such provisional measures as it deems necessary or desirable. Such provisional measures shall be without prejudice to the rights, claims, or position of the parties concerned. The Security Council shall duly take account of failure to comply with such provisional measures.

Article 41
The Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such measures. These may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations.

Article 42
Should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations.

Article 43
1.All Members of the United Nations, in order to contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security, undertake to make available to the Security Council, on its call and in accordance with a special agreement or agreements, armed forces, assistance, and facilities, including rights of passage, necessary for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.
2.Such agreement or agreements shall govern the numbers and types of forces, their degree of readiness and general location, and the nature of the facilities and assistance to be provided.
3.The agreement or agreements shall be negotiated as soon as possible on the initiative of the Security Council. They shall be concluded between the Security Council and Members or between the Security Council and groups of Members and shall be subject to ratification by the signatory states in accordance with their respective constitutional processes.
Article 44
When the Security Council has decided to use force it shall, before calling upon a Member not represented on it to provide armed forces in fulfilment of the obligations assumed under Article 43, invite that Member, if the Member so desires, to participate in the decisions of the Security Council concerning the employment of contingents of that Member's armed forces.

Article 45
In order to enable the United Nations to take urgent military measures, Members shall hold immediately available national air-force contingents for combined international enforcement action. The strength and degree of readiness of these contingents and plans for their combined action shall be determined within the limits laid down in the special agreement or agreements referred to in Article 43, by the Security Council with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee.

Article 46
Plans for the application of armed force shall be made by the Security Council with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee.

Article 47
1.There shall be established a Military Staff Committee to advise and assist the Security Council on all questions relating to the Security Council's military requirements for the maintenance of international peace and security, the employment and command of forces placed at its disposal, the regulation of armaments, and possible disarmament.
2.The Military Staff Committee shall consist of the Chiefs of Staff of the permanent members of the Security Council or their representatives. Any Member of the United Nations not permanently represented on the Committee shall be invited by the Committee to be associated with it when the efficient discharge of the Committee's responsibilities requires the participation of that Member in its work.
3.The Military Staff Committee shall be responsible under the Security Council for the strategic direction of any armed forces placed at the disposal of the Security Council. Questions relating to the command of such forces shall be worked out subsequently.
4.The Military Staff Committee, with the authorization of the Security Council and after consultation with appropriate regional agencies, may establish regional sub-committees.
Article 48
1.The action required to carry out the decisions of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security shall be taken by all the Members of the United Nations or by some of them, as the Security Council may determine.
2.Such decisions shall be carried out by the Members of the United Nations directly and through their action in the appropriate international agencies of which they are members.
Article 49
The Members of the United Nations shall join in affording mutual assistance in carrying out the measures decided upon by the Security Council.

Article 50
If preventive or enforcement measures against any state are taken by the Security Council, any other state, whether a Member of the United Nations or not, which finds itself confronted with special economic problems arising from the carrying out of those measures shall have the right to consult the Security Council with regard to a solution of those problems.

Article 51
Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.

CHAPTER VIII: REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

CHAPTER VIII: REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Article 52
1.Nothing in the present Charter precludes the existence of regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with such matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appropriate for regional action provided that such arrangements or agencies and their activities are consistent with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations.
2.The Members of the United Nations entering into such arrangements or constituting such agencies shall make every effort to achieve pacific settlement of local disputes through such regional arrangements or by such regional agencies before referring them to the Security Council.
3.The Security Council shall encourage the development of pacific settlement of local disputes through such regional arrangements or by such regional agencies either on the initiative of the states concerned or by reference from the Security Council.
4.This Article in no way impairs the application of Articles 34 and 35.
Article 53
1.The Security Council shall, where appropriate, utilize such regional arrangements or agencies for enforcement action under its authority. But no enforcement action shall be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the Security Council, with the exception of measures against any enemy state, as defined in paragraph 2 of this Article, provided for pursuant to Article 107 or in regional arrangements directed against renewal of aggressive policy on the part of any such state, until such time as the Organization may, on request of the Governments concerned, be charged with the responsibility for preventing further aggression by such a state.
2.The term enemy state as used in paragraph 1 of this Article applies to any state which during the Second World War has been an enemy of any signatory of the present Charter.
Article 54
The Security Council shall at all times be kept fully informed of activities undertaken or in contemplation under regional arrangements or by regional agencies for the maintenance of international peace and security.

CHAPTER IX: INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CO-OPERATION

CHAPTER IX: INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CO-OPERATION
Article 55
With a view to the creation of conditions of stability and well-being which are necessary for peaceful and friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, the United Nations shall promote:

a.higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development;
b.solutions of international economic, social, health, and related problems; and international cultural and educational cooperation; and
c.universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.
Article 56
All Members pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in co-operation with the Organization for the achievement of the purposes set forth in Article 55.

Article 57
1.The various specialized agencies, established by intergovernmental agreement and having wide international responsibilities, as defined in their basic instruments, in economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related fields, shall be brought into relationship with the United Nations in accordance with the provisions of Article 63.
2.Such agencies thus brought into relationship with the United Nations are hereinafter referred to as specialized agencies.
Article 58
The Organization shall make recommendations for the co-ordination of the policies and activities of the specialized agencies.

Article 59
The Organization shall, where appropriate, initiate negotiations among the states concerned for the creation of any new specialized agencies required for the accomplishment of the purposes set forth in Article 55.

Article 60
Responsibility for the discharge of the functions of the Organization set forth in this Chapter shall be vested in the General Assembly and, under the authority of the General Assembly, in the Economic and Social Council, which shall have for this purpose the powers set forth in Chapter X.

CHAPTER X: THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

CHAPTER X: THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL


COMPOSITION
Article 61
1.The Economic and Social Council shall consist of fifty-four Members of the United Nations elected by the General Assembly.
2.Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3, eighteen members of the Economic and Social Council shall be elected each year for a term of three years. A retiring member shall be eligible for immediate re-election.
3.At the first election after the increase in the membership of the Economic and Social Council from twenty-seven to fifty-four members, in addition to the members elected in place of the nine members whose term of office expires at the end of that year, twenty-seven additional members shall be elected. Of these twenty-seven additional members, the term of office of nine members so elected shall expire at the end of one year, and of nine other members at the end of two years, in accordance with arrangements made by the General Assembly.
4.Each member of the Economic and Social Council shall have one representative.


FUNCTIONS and POWERS
Article 62
1.The Economic and Social Council may make or initiate studies and reports with respect to international economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related matters and may make recommendations with respect to any such matters to the General Assembly to the Members of the United Nations, and to the specialized agencies concerned.
2.It may make recommendations for the purpose of promoting respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all.
3.It may prepare draft conventions for submission to the General Assembly, with respect to matters falling within its competence.
4.It may call, in accordance with the rules prescribed by the United Nations, international conferences on matters falling within its competence.
Article 63
1.The Economic and Social Council may enter into agreements with any of the agencies referred to in Article 57, defining the terms on which the agency concerned shall be brought into relationship with the United Nations. Such agreements shall be subject to approval by the General Assembly.
2.It may co-ordinate the activities of the specialized agencies through consultation with and recommendations to such agencies and through recommendations to the General Assembly and to the Members of the United Nations.
Article 64
1.The Economic and Social Council may take appropriate steps to obtain regular reports from the specialized agencies. It may make arrangements with the Members of the United Nations and with the specialized agencies to obtain reports on the steps taken to give effect to its own recommendations and to recommendations on matters falling within its competence made by the General Assembly.
2.It may communicate its observations on these reports to the General Assembly.
Article 65
The Economic and Social Council may furnish information to the Security Council and shall assist the Security Council upon its request.

Article 66
1.The Economic and Social Council shall perform such functions as fall within its competence in connection with the carrying out of the recommendations of the General Assembly.
2.It may, with the approval of the General Assembly, perform services at the request of Members of the United Nations and at the request of specialized agencies.
3.It shall perform such other functions as are specified elsewhere in the present Charter or as may be assigned to it by the General Assembly.


VOTING
Article 67
1.Each member of the Economic and Social Council shall have one vote.
2.Decisions of the Economic and Social Council shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.


PROCEDURE
Article 68
The Economic and Social Council shall set up commissions in economic and social fields and for the promotion of human rights, and such other commissions as may be required for the performance of its functions.

Article 69
The Economic and Social Council shall invite any Member of the United Nations to participate, without vote, in its deliberations on any matter of particular concern to that Member.

Article 70
The Economic and Social Council may make arrangements for representatives of the specialized agencies to participate, without vote, in its deliberations and in those of the commissions established by it, and for its representatives to participate in the deliberations of the specialized agencies.

Article 71
The Economic and Social Council may make suitable arrangements for consultation with non-governmental organizations which are concerned with matters within its competence. Such arrangements may be made with international organizations and, where appropriate, with national organizations after consultation with the Member of the United Nations concerned.

Article 72
1.The Economic and Social Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, including the method of selecting its President.
2.The Economic and Social Council shall meet as required in accordance with its rules, which shall include provision for the convening of meetings on the request of a majority of its members.

CHAPTER XI: DECLARATION REGARDING NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES

CHAPTER XI: DECLARATION REGARDING NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES
Article 73
Members of the United Nations which have or assume responsibilities for the administration of territories whose peoples have not yet attained a full measure of self-government recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of these territories are paramount, and accept as a sacred trust the obligation to promote to the utmost, within the system of international peace and security established by the present Charter, the well-being of the inhabitants of these territories, and, to this end:

a.to ensure, with due respect for the culture of the peoples concerned, their political, economic, social, and educational advancement, their just treatment, and their protection against abuses;
b.to develop self-government, to take due account of the political aspirations of the peoples, and to assist them in the progressive development of their free political institutions, according to the particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples and their varying stages of advancement;
c.to further international peace and security;
d.to promote constructive measures of development, to encourage research, and to co-operate with one another and, when and where appropriate, with specialized international bodies with a view to the practical achievement of the social, economic, and scientific purposes set forth in this Article; and
e.to transmit regularly to the Secretary-General for information purposes, subject to such limitation as security and constitutional considerations may require, statistical and other information of a technical nature relating to economic, social, and educational conditions in the territories for which they are respectively responsible other than those territories to which Chapters XII and XIII apply.
Article 74
Members of the United Nations also agree that their policy in respect of the territories to which this Chapter applies, no less than in respect of their metropolitan areas, must be based on the general principle of good-neighbourliness, due account being taken of the interests and well-being of the rest of the world, in social, economic, and commercial matters.

CHAPTER XII: INTERNATIONAL TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM

CHAPTER XII: INTERNATIONAL TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM
Article 75
The United Nations shall establish under its authority an international trusteeship system for the administration and supervision of such territories as may be placed thereunder by subsequent individual agreements. These territories are hereinafter referred to as trust territories.

Article 76
The basic objectives of the trusteeship system, in accordance with the Purposes of the United Nations laid down in Article 1 of the present Charter, shall be:

a.to further international peace and security;
b.to promote the political, economic, social, and educational advancement of the inhabitants of the trust territories, and their progressive development towards self-government or independence as may be appropriate to the particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples and the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned, and as may be provided by the terms of each trusteeship agreement;
c.to encourage respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion, and to encourage recognition of the interdependence of the peoples of the world; and
d.to ensure equal treatment in social, economic, and commercial matters for all Members of the United Nations and their nationals, and also equal treatment for the latter in the administration of justice, without prejudice to the attainment of the foregoing objectives and subject to the provisions of Article 80.
Article 77
1.The trusteeship system shall apply to such territories in the following categories as may be placed thereunder by means of trusteeship agreements:

a. territories now held under mandate;
b. territories which may be detached from enemy states as a result of the Second World War; and
c. territories voluntarily placed under the system by states responsible for their administration.
2.It will be a matter for subsequent agreement as to which territories in the foregoing categories will be brought under the trusteeship system and upon what terms.
Article 78
The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become Members of the United Nations, relationship among which shall be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality.

Article 79
The terms of trusteeship for each territory to be placed under the trusteeship system, including any alteration or amendment, shall be agreed upon by the states directly concerned, including the mandatory power in the case of territories held under mandate by a Member of the United Nations, and shall be approved as provided for in Articles 83 and 85.

Article 80
1.Except as may be agreed upon in individual trusteeship agreements, made under Articles 77, 79, and 81, placing each territory under the trusteeship system, and until such agreements have been concluded, nothing in this Chapter shall be construed in or of itself to alter in any manner the rights whatsoever of any states or any peoples or the terms of existing international instruments to which Members of the United Nations may respectively be parties.
2.Paragraph 1 of this Article shall not be interpreted as giving grounds for delay or postponement of the negotiation and conclusion of agreements for placing mandated and other territories under the trusteeship system as provided for in Article 77.
Article 81
The trusteeship agreement shall in each case include the terms under which the trust territory will be administered and designate the authority which will exercise the administration of the trust territory. Such authority, hereinafter called the administering authority, may be one or more states or the Organization itself.

Article 82
There may be designated, in any trusteeship agreement, a strategic area or areas which may include part or all of the trust territory to which the agreement applies, without prejudice to any special agreement or agreements made under Article 43.

Article 83
1.All functions of the United Nations relating to strategic areas, including the approval of the terms of the trusteeship agreements and of their alteration or amendment shall be exercised by the Security Council.
2.The basic objectives set forth in Article 76 shall be applicable to the people of each strategic area.
3.The Security Council shall, subject to the provisions of the trusteeship agreements and without prejudice to security considerations, avail itself of the assistance of the Trusteeship Council to perform those functions of the United Nations under the trusteeship system relating to political, economic, social, and educational matters in the strategic areas.
Article 84
It shall be the duty of the administering authority to ensure that the trust territory shall play its part in the maintenance of international peace and security. To this end the administering authority may make use of volunteer forces, facilities, and assistance from the trust territory in carrying out the obligations towards the Security Council undertaken in this regard by the administering authority, as well as for local defence and the maintenance of law and order within the trust territory.

Article 85
1.The functions of the United Nations with regard to trusteeship agreements for all areas not designated as strategic, including the approval of the terms of the trusteeship agreements and of their alteration or amendment, shall be exercised by the General Assembly.
2.The Trusteeship Council, operating under the authority of the General Assembly shall assist the General Assembly in carrying out these functions.

CHAPTER XIII: THE TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM

CHAPTER XIII: THE TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM


COMPOSITION
Article 86
1.The Trusteeship Council shall consist of the following Members of the United Nations:

a. those Members administering trust territories;

b. such of those Members mentioned by name in Article 23 as are not administering trust territories; and

c. as many other Members elected for three-year terms by the General Assembly as may be necessary to ensure that the total number of members of the Trusteeship Council is equally divided between those Members of the United Nations which administer trust territories and those which do not.

2.Each member of the Trusteeship Council shall designate one specially qualified person to represent it therein.


FUNCTIONS and POWERS
Article 87
The General Assembly and, under its authority, the Trusteeship Council, in carrying out their functions, may:

a.consider reports submitted by the administering authority;
b.accept petitions and examine them in consultation with the administering authority;
c.provide for periodic visits to the respective trust territories at times agreed upon with the administering authority; and
d.take these and other actions in conformity with the terms of the trusteeship agreements.
Article 88
The Trusteeship Council shall formulate a questionnaire on the political, economic, social, and educational advancement of the inhabitants of each trust territory, and the administering authority for each trust territory within the competence of the General Assembly shall make an annual report to the General Assembly upon the basis of such questionnaire.



VOTING
Article 89
1.Each member of the Trusteeship Council shall have one vote.
2.Decisions of the Trusteeship Council shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.


PREOCEDURE
Article 90
1.The Trusteeship Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, including the method of selecting its President.
2.The Trusteeship Council shall meet as required in accordance with its rules, which shall include provision for the convening of meetings on the request of a majority of its members.
Article 91
The Trusteeship Council shall, when appropriate, avail itself of the assistance of the Economic and Social Council and of the specialized agencies in regard to matters with which they are respectively concerned.

CHAPTER XIV: THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

CHAPTER XIV: THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
Article 92
The International Court of Justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter.

Article 93
1.All Members of the United Nations are ipso facto parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
2.A state which is not a Member of the United Nations may become a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice on conditions to be determined in each case by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.
Article 94
1.Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with the decision of the International Court of Justice in any case to which it is a party.
2.If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgment rendered by the Court, the other party may have recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it deems necessary, make recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the judgment.
Article 95
Nothing in the present Charter shall prevent Members of the United Nations from entrusting the solution of their differences to other tribunals by virtue of agreements already in existence or which may be concluded in the future.

Article 96
a.The General Assembly or the Security Council may request the International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion on any legal question.
b.Other organs of the United Nations and specialized agencies, which may at any time be so authorized by the General Assembly, may also request advisory opinions of the Court on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities.

CHAPTER XV: THE SECRETARIAT

CHAPTER XV: THE SECRETARIAT
Article 97
The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary-General and such staff as the Organization may require. The Secretary-General shall be appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. He shall be the chief administrative officer of the Organization.

Article 98
The Secretary-General shall act in that capacity in all meetings of the General Assembly, of the Security Council, of the Economic and Social Council, and of the Trusteeship Council, and shall perform such other functions as are entrusted to him by these organs. The Secretary-General shall make an annual report to the General Assembly on the work of the Organization.

Article 99
The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security.

Article 100
1.In the performance of their duties the Secretary-General and the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or from any other authority external to the Organization. They shall refrain from any action which might reflect on their position as international officials responsible only to the Organization.
2.Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to respect the exclusively international character of the responsibilities of the Secretary-General and the staff and not to seek to influence them in the discharge of their responsibilities.
Article 101
1.The staff shall be appointed by the Secretary-General under regulations established by the General Assembly.
2.Appropriate staffs shall be permanently assigned to the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and, as required, to other organs of the United Nations. These staffs shall form a part of the Secretariat.
3.The paramount consideration in the employment of the staff and in the determination of the conditions of service shall be the necessity of securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity. Due regard shall be paid to the importance of recruiting the staff on as wide a geographical basis as possible.

CHAPTER XVI: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

CHAPTER XVI: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Article 102
1.Every treaty and every international agreement entered into by any Member of the United Nations after the present Charter comes into force shall as soon as possible be registered with the Secretariat and published by it.
2.No party to any such treaty or international agreement which has not been registered in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article may invoke that treaty or agreement before any organ of the United Nations.
Article 103
In the event of a conflict between the obligations of the Members of the United Nations under the present Charter and their obligations under any other international agreement, their obligations under the present Charter shall prevail.

Article 104
The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its Members such legal capacity as may be necessary for the exercise of its functions and the fulfilment of its purposes.

Article 105
1.The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its Members such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the fulfilment of its purposes.
2.Representatives of the Members of the United Nations and officials of the Organization shall similarly enjoy such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the independent exercise of their functions in connexion with the Organization.
3.The General Assembly may make recommendations with a view to determining the details of the application of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article or may propose conventions to the Members of the United Nations for this purpose.

CHAPTER XVII: TRANSITIONAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS

CHAPTER XVII: TRANSITIONAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS
Article 106
Pending the coming into force of such special agreements referred to in Article 43 as in the opinion of the Security Council enable it to begin the exercise of its responsibilities under Article 42, the parties to the Four-Nation Declaration, signed at Moscow, 30 October 1943, and France, shall, in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 5 of that Declaration, consult with one another and as occasion requires with other Members of the United Nations with a view to such joint action on behalf of the Organization as may be necessary for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.

Article 107
Nothing in the present Charter shall invalidate or preclude action, in relation to any state which during the Second World War has been an enemy of any signatory to the present Charter, taken or authorized as a result of that war by the Governments having responsibility for such action.

CHAPTER XVIII: AMENDMENTS

CHAPTER XVIII: AMENDMENTS
Article 108
Amendments to the present Charter shall come into force for all Members of the United Nations when they have been adopted by a vote of two thirds of the members of the General Assembly and ratified in accordance with their respective constitutional processes by two thirds of the Members of the United Nations, including all the permanent members of the Security Council.

Article 109
1.A General Conference of the Members of the United Nations for the purpose of reviewing the present Charter may be held at a date and place to be fixed by a two-thirds vote of the members of the General Assembly and by a vote of any nine members of the Security Council. Each Member of the United Nations shall have one vote in the conference.
2.Any alteration of the present Charter recommended by a two-thirds vote of the conference shall take effect when ratified in accordance with their respective constitutional processes by two thirds of the Members of the United Nations including all the permanent members of the Security Council.
3.If such a conference has not been held before the tenth annual session of the General Assembly following the coming into force of the present Charter, the proposal to call such a conference shall be placed on the agenda of that session of the General Assembly, and the conference shall be held if so decided by a majority vote of the members of the General Assembly and by a vote of any seven members of the Security Council.

CHAPTER XIX: RATIFICATION AND SIGNATURE

CHAPTER XIX: RATIFICATION AND SIGNATURE
Article 110
1.The present Charter shall be ratified by the signatory states in accordance with their respective constitutional processes.
2.The ratifications shall be deposited with the Government of the United States of America, which shall notify all the signatory states of each deposit as well as the Secretary-General of the Organization when he has been appointed.
3.The present Charter shall come into force upon the deposit of ratifications by the Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, and by a majority of the other signatory states. A protocol of the ratifications deposited shall thereupon be drawn up by the Government of the United States of America which shall communicate copies thereof to all the signatory states.
4.The states signatory to the present Charter which ratify it after it has come into force will become original Members of the United Nations on the date of the deposit of their respective ratifications.
Article 111
The present Charter, of which the Chinese, French, Russian, English, and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall remain deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of America. Duly certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by that Government to the Governments of the other signatory states.

IN FAITH WHEREOF the representatives of the Governments of the United Nations have signed the present Charter. DONE at the city of San Francisco the twenty-sixth day of June, one thousand nine hundred and forty-five.

UN charter

INDEX

•Introductory Note
•Preamble
•Chapter I: Purposes and Principles
•Chapter II: Membership
•Chapter III: Organs
•Chapter IV: The General Assembly
•Chapter V: The Security Council
•Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes
•Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace and Acts of Agression
•Chapter VIII: Regional Arrangements
•Chapter IX: International Economic and Social Co-operation
•Chapter X: The Economic and Social Council
•Chapter XI: Declaration regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories
•Chapter XII: International Trusteeship System
•Chapter XIII: The Trusteeship System
•Chapter XIV: The International Court of Justice
•Chapter XV: The Secretariat
•Chapter XVI: Miscellaneous Provisions
•Chapter XVII: Transitional Security Arrangements
•Chapter XVIII: Amendments
•Chapter XIX: Ratification and Signature

Extracted from: Basic Facts About the United Nations 2000, Sales No. E.00.I.21.

States first established international organizations to cooperate on specific matters. The International Telecommunication Union was founded in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, and the Universal Postal Union was established in 1874. Both are now United Nations specialized agencies.

In 1899, the International Peace Conference was held in The Hague to elaborate instruments for settling crises peacefully, preventing wars and codifying rules of warfare. It adopted the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which began work in 1902.

The forerunner of the United Nations was the League of Nations, an organization conceived in similar circumstances during the first World War, and established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles "to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security." The International Labour Organization was also created under the Treaty of Versailles as an affiliated agency of the League. The League of Nations ceased its activities after failing to prevent the Second World War.

In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States in August-October 1944. The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States.

The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other signatories. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October each year.

Extracted from: Basic Facts About the United Nations 2000, Sales No. E.00.I.21.

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Principal Organs

Principal Organs

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8
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5
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6
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7
Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the UN and each other through the coordinating machinery of the ECOSOC at the
intergovernmental level, and through the Chief Executives Board for coordination (CEB) at the inter-secretariat level.
8
UNFIP is an autonomous trust fund operating under the leadership of the United Nations Deputy Secretary-General. UNDEF's advisory board recommends
funding proposals for approval by the Secretary-General.
International Criminal Tribunal for the
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International Criminal Tribunal for
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Other Bodies
Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
United Nations Forum on Forests
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Related Organizations
WTO
World Trade Organization
IAEA
5
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7
ILO
International Labour
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Food and Agriculture
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World Health Organization
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ICSID International Centre for
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IMF
International Monetary Fund
ICAO
International Civil Aviation
Organization
IMO
International Maritime
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ITU
International Telecommunication
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UPU
Universal Postal Union
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World Meteorological
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International Fund for
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Security Council
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NOTES: Solid lines from a Principal Organ indicate a direct reporting relationship; dashes indicate a non-subsidiary relationship.
1
The UN Drug Control Programme is part of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime.
3
The United Nations Ethics Office, the United Nations Ombudsman's Office, and the Chief Information Technology Officer report directly to the Secretary-General.
UNDP
United Nations Development
Programme
UNIFEM
United Nations
Development Fund for Women
UNV
United Nations Volunteers
UNCDF
United Nations Capital
Development Fund
UNFPA
United Nations Population Fund
UNHCR
Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees
WFP
World Food Programme
UNRWA
2
United Nations Relief and
Works Agency for Palestine Refugees
in the Near East
UN-HABITAT
United Nations Human
Settlements Programme
UNRISD
United Nations Research
Institute for Social Development
UNIDIR
2
United Nations Institute for
Disarmament Research
UN-INSTRAW
United Nations
International Research and Training
Institute for the Advancement of Women
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Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
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United Nations Fund for International Partnerships
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ab
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2008.02.03 18:20 | 유엔 UN.org | mrkim박상엽

http://kr.blog.yahoo.com/hoonsolo/3218

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2008.02.03 18:21 | 유엔 UN.org | mrkim박상엽

http://kr.blog.yahoo.com/hoonsolo/3219


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UN(국제연합) 창설

UN(국제연합) 창설
2008.10.25 11:03 | 유엔 UN.org | mrkim박상엽

http://kr.blog.yahoo.com/hoonsolo/9530

제2차 세계대전이 종전된 후 평화를 확보하고 전쟁 재발방지를 목적으로 한 유엔이 1945년 10월 24일 정식 발족됐다.

1945년 6월 26일 50개 국가가 조인한 유엔헌장의 비준국이 이날을 기준으로 과반수가 넘는 26개국이 되었기 때문이다. 26번째로 유엔헌장을 비준한 나라는 소련이었다.

유엔헌장은 1945년 4월 25일 샌프란시스코에서 개최돼 2개월간의 심의끝에 미국, 영국, 중국, 소련 등 4개국 대표들이 합의한 초안을 기초로 작성돼 6월 26일 50개국이 조인했다.

유엔 창설은 1941년 8월 `대서양헌장'에서 처음 구상된 후 4년 만이었다.

`유엔(united nations)'이란 명칭은 프랭클린 루스벨트 미국 대통령이 처음 고안했으며, 2차대전 중인 1942년 1월 1일 26개국 대표가 모여 서약했던 연합국 선언에서 처음 사용했다.

유엔은 모든 가맹국에 의한 총회와 안전보장이사회, 신탁통치이사회, 경제사회이사회의 3개 이사회와 국제사법재판소, 사무국으로 구성돼 있다.

국제 연합

국제 연합
2008.10.25 12:03 | 유엔 UN.org | mrkim박상엽

http://kr.blog.yahoo.com/hoonsolo/9538


국제 연합(한자: 國際聯合, 영어: United Nations)은 세계 거의 모든 나라를 아우르는 국제기구이다. 영어 머리글자를 따서 유엔(UN)이라고도 한다.

그 설립 목적은 국제법, 국제적 안보 공조, 경제 개발 협력 증진, 인권 개선으로 세계 평화를 유지하는 데 있다. 1945년 2차 세계 대전 이후 발족됐으며 원칙적으로는 각국의 전쟁을 막고 대화 교섭을 찾자는 명분으로 국제연맹의 역할을 사실상 대체하게 됐다.

현재 주권국으로 인정되는 거의 대부분의 국가가 국제연합의 회원국이다. 뉴욕에 있는 본부에서는 매년 총회를 열어 주요 안건을 상정 및 논의한다.

본부는 미국 뉴욕에, 산하 기구는 유럽 빈, 제네바, 아프리카 나이로비 등지에 있다. 공식 언어는 영어, 에스파냐어, 프랑스어, 중국어, 아랍어, 러시아어이다.



기존에 국제 질서를 조정하는 역할을 수행하던 국제연맹은 국제 사회 내 영향력을 서서히 잃어가고 있었다. 결국 세계대전이 다시 일어나는 것을 막지 못했고 이에 국제 연합은 국제연맹을 이을 일종의 계승체가 된다. 영문명인 "United Nations"는 윈스턴 처칠과 프랭클린 D. 루즈벨트가 추축국에 대항해 계속 싸울 것을 결의하고자 발표한 연합국 선언에서 처음으로 사용됐다.

[1] 이 선언은 1943년 승인됐으며 국제연합체를 결성하기 로 했다. 이듬해 연합국 주요국 대표들이 모여 덤바턴오크스 회의를 열었다.
[2] 2년 동안의 논의를 통해 국제 연합의 주요 목적, 회원국, 구조, 평화, 안보, 공조에 대한 목표를 설정하기에 이른다.

1945년 샌프란시스코에서 열린 연합국 회의에 참석한 50개국 대표는 초안을 바탕으로 국제 연합 헌장을 작성해 6월 26일 조인했다. 같은 해 10월 24일 헌장이 프랑스, 미국, 중화민국, 영국, 소비에트 연방과 46개의 타국가 동의로 발효하면서 국제연합이 출범했다. 국제연합의 창설일인 10월 24일은 각국에서도 기념일로 지정되고 있다.

최초 51개 회원국이 모두 참석한 최초의 유엔 정기총회는 1946년 1월 런던에서 열렸다


국제연합헌장



모두 19장 111조로 이루어져 있다.

제1장 목적과 원칙
목적: 국제 평화·안전, 우호, 인권
제6장 평화적 분쟁 해결
협상, 심사, 중개, 조정, 중재, 재판, 지역 기관·협정
제7장 평화 위협, 평화 침해, 침략행위에 대한 조치
제41조: 경제 관계 중단, 교통·통신 중단, 단교
제42조: 군사행동—시위·봉쇄 등


조직체


현재 국제연합의 주요 구조체는 5곳이다. 국제 연합 신탁통치이사회도 포함됐으나 1994년 이후로 거의 휴회 상태이기에 주요기국에서 빼고 있다. 5곳은 다음과 같다.

총회: 회원국이 모두 모여 심의
안전보장이사회(안보리): 국제 평화·안전 유지
경제사회이사회: 전문기구 활동 조정
국제사법재판소: 법적 분쟁 해결
사무국: 일상 업무 처리. 사무총장이 수장.
신탁통치이사회: 신탁통치지역 감독. 기능 정지.
5곳 중 네 기구는 뉴욕에 위치하며 국제사법재판소는 네덜란드의 헤이그에 위치한다.

각국이 모이는 유엔 총회나 정부간 회담에서는 6개국 언어가 사용되지만 실제로 국제연합 사무국에서는 일반적으로 영어와 프랑스어를 사용한다. 아랍어를 뺀 다섯 개의 언어는 설립 당시부터 공식 언어로 지정됐으며 후에 1973년 아랍어가 현재의 지위를 얻었다. 유엔 내 영어는 공식적으로 영국식 영어 사용법에 준하며 중국어는 간체자로 정하고 있다. 번체자 중국어가 누리던 공식어의 지위는 1971년 중화민국(대만)의 회원국 자격이 중화인민공화국(중국)으로 이관하면서 동시에 옮겨갔다.


보조기구



유엔개발계획(UNDP)
유엔난민기구(UNHCR)
유엔마약통제계획(UNDCP)
유엔무역개발회의(UNCTAD)
유엔환경계획(UNEP)
유엔인권위원회(UNCHR)
유엔인종차별철폐위원회(UNCERD)
각 지역위원회
평화유지활동 관련 기구



전문기구



전문기구(specialized agency)는 독립 국제기구로서 국제연합에 협력하며 경제사회이사회 조정을 받는다.

국제노동기구(ILO)
국제농업개발기금(IFAD)
국제민간항공기구(ICAO)
국제전기통신연합(ITU)
국제통화기금(IMF)
국제해사기구(IMO)
만국우편연합(UPU)
세계기상기구(WMO)
세계보건기구(WHO)
세계은행 그룹
국제개발협회(IDA)
국제금융공사(IFC)
국제부흥개발은행(IBRD)
국제투자보증기구(MIGA)
국제투자분쟁해결기구(ICSID)
세계지적재산권기구(WIPO)
유엔공업개발기구(UNIDO)
유엔교육과학문화기구(유네스코)
유엔식량농업기구(FAO)


준전문기구


다음은 전문기구는 아니지만 성격이 비슷하다.

국제원자력기구(IAEA)
세계무역기구(WTO)

회원 자격


2006년 6월 28일 몬테네그로가 가입하면서 현재 국제 연합 회원국으로는 192개국이 있다. 모든 독립 주권 국가가 국제 연합 회원국인 것으로 보아도 무방하며 단 바티칸 시국은 옵저버이다. [10] 이외에 코소보는 세르비아의 일원으로, 중화민국(대만)은 중화인민공화국(중국)의 일부로 본다. 참고로 남극 대륙에는 독자적인 정부가 없음을 상기해야 한다.

국제 연합 헌장에서는 회원 자격을 다음과 같이 밝히고 있다.


국제연합은 평화를 사랑하는 모든 국가에 열려있는 기구이며 국제 연합의 판단 하에 현재의 헌장 규약을 준수할 것을 기꺼이 밝힐 국가라면 회원국의 지위를 얻을 수 있다.
회원 자격에 대해서 어느 국가가 동의를 한다면 총회 논의를 통해 관련국 회원가입을 안전보장이사회에서 결정할 수 있다.

|국제연합헌장 1, 2, 4장|http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/



G-77은 국제연합 내에서 개발도상국의 경제사회 발전과 외교력 증진을 꾀하고자 회원국 내에서 생겨난 기구이다. 초기 가입국은 77개국이며 지금은 130개국으로 그 수가 늘었다. 1965년 6월 15일 설립됐으며 유엔무역개발협의회에서 발표한 "77개국 협정 선언"에 따라 효력을 발휘했다. 최초로 주목을 받았던 회의는 1967년 알제리에서 열렸다.




분담금


국제연합은 회원국들의 분담금을 정해 자발적으로 일종의 회비를 걷는다. 보통 2년 단위로 예산을 측정하며 유엔 총회에서 정한 분담 비율에 따라 국가에 따라 부과된다. 정기 총회에서는 예산을 측정하는 과정에서 각 회원국 간 분담금을 정하기도 한다. 분담금을 측정하는 기준은 각 나라의 국민총소득(GNI)에 따른 것이며 이는 각국의 상대적인 기준을 고려하여 산출된다. 대외부채의 차이 혹은 1인당 소득이 전체 인구로 나뉠 때 줄어드는 정도 등을 감안한다. [12]

총회에서는 유엔이 특정 국가에 지나치게 재정적으로 의존해서는 안 된다는 원칙을 마련해놓고 있다. 이에 일국이 충당할 수 있는 분담금의 최고 비율이 일반 예산마다 제한돼 있다. 2000년 12월 총회에서는 최근의 세계 경제 상황을 감안해 분담금 산정 방법을 개정하게 됐다. 최고 분담 비율이 25%에서 22%로 줄어든 것이 한 조항이며 이에 해당하는 국가는 미국이 유일하다. 이외에도 최소 분담 비율은 전체 UN 예산의 0.001%로 조정됐으며 최빈국의 경우에는 최대 0.01%에 해당하는 금액까지 낼 수 있다고 명시했다. 현재 국제연합의 연간 예산은 대략 41억 9천만 미국 달러에 준한다.

최대 소비 부분은 평화유지군을 비롯한 안보 관련 문제에 배정된다. 평화유지에 관련한 예산은 2005-2006년간 7만 명의 군인이 전세계에서 17개의 임무를 수행하면서 대략 50억이 쓰였다. [13]

2008년 1월 1일 기준으로 평화 유지 관련 분담금을 가장 많이 부담하는 10개국은 미국, 일본, 독일, 영국, 프랑스, 이탈리아, 중국, 캐나다, 스페인과 대한민국이다. [14]

유니세프나 UNDP 등 전문기구는 자발적인 회원국의 분담금으로 자금을 운용하기에 유엔 자체의 예산과는 별도이다. 대부분이 자금 관련 기부로 이뤄지지만 농산물이나 생필품의 형태로 기아 인구를 위해 제공되기도 한다.

2006년 기준 예산 분담금 부담 상위 12개국은 다음과 같다. [15]

미국 22%
일본 16.624%
독일 8.66%
영국 6.13%
프랑스 6.03%
이탈리아 4.89%
캐나다 2.81%
중국 2.667%
스페인 2.52%
멕시코 1.88%
오스트레일리아 1.59%
브라질 Brazil 1.52%
타국가 22.679%